Muharam Learning Series -1 – There are 12 months in a year-Surah At-thoubah 36 with Thafsir Ibnu Kathir .
إِنَّ عِدَّةَ الشُّهُورِ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ اثْنَا عَشَرَ شَهْرًا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَةٌ حُرُمٌ ذَلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسَكُمْ وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّةً كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّةً وَاعْلَمُوا
أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
(36. Verily, the number of months with Allah is twelve months in a year, so was it ordained by Allah on the Day when He created the heavens and the earth; of them four are sacred. That is the right religion, so wrong not yourselves therein, and fight against the Mushrikeen/ idolaters collectively AS THEY FIGHT AGAINST YOU COLLECTIVELY. But know that Allah is with those who have Thaqwa/Piety.
Thafsir Ibnu Kathir English
Now we'll see, in shaa Allah, the explanation of this verse as given in Thafsir Ibnu Kathir.The Arabic text with its gist of meanings in English is given here.
قَالَ الْإِمَام أَحْمَد : حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيل أَخْبَرَنَا أَيُّوب أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّد بْن سِيرِين عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرَة أَنَّ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ خَطَبَ فِي حَجَّته فَقَالَ " أَلَا إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَوَات وَالْأَرْض السَّنَة اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم ثَلَاثَة مُتَوَالِيَات ذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحِجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم وَرَجَب مُضَر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان " ثُمَّ قَالَ " أَيّ يَوْم هَذَا ؟ " قُلْنَا اللَّه وَرَسُوله أَعْلَم فَسَكَتَ حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ بِغَيْرِ اِسْمه قَالَ " أَلَيْسَ يَوْم النَّحْر ؟ " قُلْنَا بَلَى ثُمَّ قَالَ " أَيّ شَهْر هَذَا ؟ " قُلْنَا اللَّه وَرَسُوله أَعْلَم فَسَكَتَ حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ بِغَيْرِ اِسْمه قَالَ " أَلَيْسَ ذَا الْحَجَّة ؟ " قُلْنَا بَلَى ثُمَّ قَالَ " أَيّ بَلَد هَذَا . ؟ " قُلْنَا اللَّه وَرَسُوله أَعْلَم فَسَكَتَ حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ بِغَيْرِ اِسْمه قَالَ " أَلَيْسَتْ الْبَلْدَة ؟ " قُلْنَا بَلَى قَالَ " فَإِنَّ دِمَاءَكُمْ وَأَمْوَالكُمْ - وَأَحْسِبهُ قَالَ - وَأَعْرَاضكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ حَرَام كَحُرْمَةِ يَوْمكُمْ هَذَا فِي شَهْركُمْ هَذَا فِي بَلَدكُمْ هَذَا . وَسَتَلْقَوْنَ رَبّكُمْ فَيَسْأَلكُمْ عَنْ أَعْمَالكُمْ أَلَا لَا تَرْجِعُوا بَعْدِي ضُلَّالًا يَضْرِب بَعْضكُمْ رِقَاب بَعْض أَلَا هَلْ بَلَّغْت ؟ أَلَا لِيُبَلِّغْ الشَّاهِد مِنْكُمْ الْغَائِب فَلَعَلَّ مَنْ يَبْلُغهُ يَكُون أَوْعَى لَهُ مِنْ بَعْض مَنْ سَمِعَهُ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيّ فِي التَّفْسِير وَغَيْره . وَمُسْلِم مِنْ حَدِيث أَيُّوب عَنْ مُحَمَّد وَهُوَ اِبْن سِيرِين عَنْ عَبْد الرَّحْمَن بْن أَبِي بَكْرَة عَنْ أَبِيهِ بِهِ
Narrated by Aboo Bakrah Radiyallahu anhu:Nabi swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam made a speech during his Hajju.He said:The division of time has turned to its original form which was current when Allah created the heavens and the earth. The year is of twelve months, out of which four months are Sacred: Three are in succession Dhul-Qa`dah, Dhul-Hijjah and Muharram, and the fourth is Rajab of the tribe of Mudar which comes between Jumada and Sha`ban.'' The Prophet then asked:What is the day today? We said, "Allah and His Messenger know better. He kept quiet until we thought that he might give that day another name. He asked :Isn't it the day of Nahr/the Eid ul Azha day? We replied, "Yes.'' He further asked: Which month is this? We again said, "Allah and His Messenger know better,'' and he kept quiet and made us think that he might give it another name. Then he asked:Isn't it the month of Dhul-Hijjah? We replied, "Yes.'' He asked:What town is this? We said, "Allah and His Messenger know better,'' and he kept quiet until we thought that he might change its name. He asked:Isn't this the Sacred Town/Makkah? We said, "Yes.'' He said:''Verily! Your Blood, Property ( and the sub -narrator say 'I think he said 'and your Honour' too) are Sacred to one another like the Sanctity of this Day of yours, in this Month of yours and in this City of yours. Verily, you will meet your Lord and He will question you about your actions. Behold! Do not revert to misguidance after me by striking the necks of /killing one another. Have I conveyed you the Message? It is incumbent upon those who are present here to inform those who are absent, because some of those who hear the message from you might comprehend what I have said better than some people who are present here now. Al-Bukhari and Muslim also have collected this Hadith.
وَقَدْ قَالَ اِبْن جَرِير : حَدَّثَنَا مَعْمَر حَدَّثَنَا رَوْح حَدَّثَنَا أَشْعَث عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن سِيرِين عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَة قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض وَإِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا فِي كِتَاب اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم ثَلَاثَة مُتَوَالِيَات - ذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم - وَرَجَب مُضَر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان " وَرَوَاهُ الْبَزَّار عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن مَعْمَر بِهِ . ثُمَّ قَالَ لَا يُرْوَى عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَة إِلَّا مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْه وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ اِبْن عَوْن وَقُرَّة عَنْ اِبْن سِيرِين عَنْ عَبْد الرَّحْمَن بْن أَبِي بَكْرَة عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَقَالَ اِبْن جَرِير أَيْضًا : حَدَّثَنِي مُوسَى بْن عَبْد الرَّحْمَن الْمَسْرُوقِيّ حَدَّثَنَا زَيْد بْن حَبَّاب حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى بْن عُبَيْدَة الرَّبَذِيّ حَدَّثَنِي صَدَقَة بْن يَسَار عَنْ اِبْن عُمَر قَالَ : خَطَبَ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي حَجَّة الْوَدَاع بِمِنًى فِي أَوْسَط أَيَّام التَّشْرِيق فَقَالَ " أَيّهَا النَّاس إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ فَهُوَ الْيَوْم كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض وَإِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم أَوَّلهنَّ رَجَب مُضَر بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان وَذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم " وَرَوَى اِبْن مَرْدَوَيْهِ مِنْ حَدِيث مُوسَى بْن عُبَيْدَة عَنْ عَبْد اللَّه بْن دِينَار عَنْ اِبْن عُمَر مِثْله أَوْ نَحْوه وَقَالَ حَمَّاد بْن سَلَمَة حَدَّثَنِي عَلِيّ بْن زَيْد عَنْ أَبِي حَمْزَة الرَّقَاشِيّ عَنْ عَمّه وَكَانَتْ لَهُ صُحْبَة قَالَ : كُنْت آخِذًا بِزِمَامِ نَاقَة رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي أَوْسَط أَيَّام التَّشْرِيق أَذُود النَّاس عَنْهُ فَقَالَ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " أَلَا إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض وَإِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا فِي كِتَاب اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ "
Similar reports are quoted above whose translation is not given here.In one report, we see ,after the words ''out of which four months are Sacred', the following words,'
فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ
Then you shoud not wrong yourselves during those months'.
وَقَالَ سَعِيد بْن مَنْصُور حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَة عَنْ الْكَلْبِيّ عَنْ أَبِي صَالِح عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس فِي قَوْله " مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم "
قَالَ مُحَرَّم وَرَجَب وَذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَقَوْله صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْحَدِيث " إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض " تَقْرِير مِنْهُ صَلَوَات اللَّه وَسَلَامه عَلَيْهِ وَتَثْبِيت لِلْأَمْرِ عَلَى مَا جَعَلَهُ اللَّه فِي أَوَّل الْأَمْر مِنْ غَيْر تَقْدِيم وَلَا تَأْخِير وَلَا زِيَادَة وَلَا نَقْص وَلَا نَسِيء وَلَا تَبْدِيل كَمَا قَالَ فِي تَحْرِيم مَكَّة " إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَلَد حَرَّمَهُ اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض فَهُوَ حَرَام بِحُرْمَة اللَّه تَعَالَى إِلَى يَوْم الْقِيَامَة وَهَكَذَا قَالَ هَهُنَا " إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض " أَيْ الْأَمْر الْيَوْم شَرْعًا كَمَا اِبْتَدَعَ اللَّه ذَلِكَ فِي كِتَابه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض
Ibnu Abbas radiyallahu a'nhu explains the words of Allah,
مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم
''out of which four months are Sacred' that the four months mentioned are Muharam , Rajabu, Dul Qa-ad & Dul-Hajjah.We may understand from the words of the Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam,'The division of time has turned to its original form which was current when Allah created the heavens and the earth', that these words are as he said in the case of the Sanctity of Makkah/Haram.He said:
إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَلَد حَرَّمَهُ اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض فَهُوَ حَرَام بِحُرْمَة اللَّه تَعَالَى إِلَى يَوْم الْقِيَامَة
Know that this City has been made Sacred by Allah since the Day of the creation of the Earth and the Heavens.It is Sacred by the hurmath/Sanctity given by Allah to it till the Day of Judgement.
وَقَدْ قَالَ بَعْض الْمُفَسِّرِينَ وَالْمُتَكَلِّمِينَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحَدِيث إِنَّ الْمُرَاد بِقَوْلِهِ " قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض " أَنَّهُ اِتَّفَقَ أَنَّ حَجّ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي تِلْكَ السَّنَة فِي ذِي الْحَجَّة وَأَنَّ الْعَرَب قَدْ كَانَتْ نَسَأَتْ النَّسِيء يَحُجُّونَ فِي كَثِير مِنْ السِّنِينَ بَلْ أَكْثَرهَا فِي غَيْر ذِي الْحَجَّة وَزَعَمُوا أَنَّ حَجَّة التَّصْدِيق فِي سَنَة تِسْع كَانَتْ فِي ذِي الْقَعْدَة وَفِي هَذَا نَظَر كَمَا سَنُبَيِّنُهُ إِذَا تَكَلَّمْنَا عَنْ النَّسِيء وَأَغْرَب مِنْهُ مَا رَوَاهُ الطَّبَرَانِيّ عَنْ بَعْض السَّلَف فِي جُمْلَة حَدِيث أَنَّهُ اِتَّفَقَ حَجّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَالْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى فِي يَوْم وَاحِد وَهُوَ يَوْم النَّحْر عَام حَجَّة الْوَدَاع وَاَللَّه أَعْلَم
From the Hadith above Scholars explain that the Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam performed Hajju in the month of Dul -Hijjah, in contrary to the Pagan Arabs ,who used to do Nasee-u(Nasee-u is the system followed by Pagan Arabs in which they changed the season of the Hajju to suit their needs).Most of them used to perform Hajju in the month of Dul -Qa-ad.Thabrani reports from some Salafs that the Hajju of the Muslims, the Nasaraa and the Yahudis were on the same day/youmunnahru.But this report is Gareeb/rare.And Allah knows the Best.
. " فَصْل " ذَكَرَ الشَّيْخ عَلَم الدِّين السَّخَاوِيّ فِي جُزْء جَمَعَهُ سَمَّاهُ " الْمَشْهُور فِي أَسْمَاء الْأَيَّام وَالشُّهُور " أَنَّ الْمُحَرَّم سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِكَوْنِهِ شَهْرًا مُحَرَّمًا وَعِنْدِي أَنَّهُ سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ تَأْكِيدًا لِتَحْرِيمِهِ لِأَنَّ الْعَرَب كَانَتْ تَتَقَلَّب بِهِ فَتُحِلّهُ عَامًا وَتُحَرِّمهُ عَامًا قَالَ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى مُحَرَّمَات وَمَحَارِم وَمَحَارِيم
In a small Book collected by Shaykh `Alam ad-Din As-Sakhawi, entitled,
الْمَشْهُور فِي أَسْمَاء الْأَيَّام وَالشُّهُور
Al-Mashhur fi Asma' Al-Ayam wash-Shuhur, he mentioned that Muharram is so named because it is a Sacred month. To me, it was so named to emphasize its sacredness. This is because the Arabs would switch it around. One year they would say it was a Sacred month, the following year they would say that it was not.The plural forms of the word Muharam are,
مُحَرَّمَات مَحَارِم مَحَارِيم
وَصَفَر سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِخُلُوِّ بُيُوتهمْ مِنْهُمْ حِين يَخْرُجُونَ لِلْقِتَالِ وَالْأَسْفَار يُقَال صَفِرَ الْمَكَان إِذَا خَلَا وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَصْفَار كَجَمَلٍ وَأَجْمَال
The author said, "...and Safar is so named because they used to leave their homes during that month for fighting and travelling. When saying `Safir' a al makaan' , it means to leave a place.The plural form of the word,
صَفَر
is
أَصْفَار
Aswfaar.It is just like the word Jamal/camel has the plural form ajmaal.
وَشَهْر رَبِيع الْأَوَّل سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ
لِارْتِبَاعِهِمْ فِيهِ وَالِارْتِبَاع الْإِقَامَة فِي عِمَارَة الرَّبْع وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَرْبِعَاء كَنَصِيبِ وَأَنْصِبَاء وَعَلَى أَرْبِعَة كَرَغِيفٍ وَأَرْغِفَة وَرَبِيع الْآخِر كَالْأَوَّلِ
Rabi` Al-Awwal is called so because they used to do Irtiba` in it, that is to maintain one's property.And Rabi` Al-Akhir, was so named for the same reasons.It has plural forms as given below
أَرْبِعَاء ,أَرْبِعَة
It is just like we say,
نَصِيبِ وَأَنْصِبَاء,رَغِيفٍ وَأَرْغِفَة
وَجُمَادَى سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِجُمُودِ الْمَاء فِيهِ
قَالَ : وَكَانَتْ الشُّهُور فِي حِسَابهمْ لَا تَدُور وَفِي هَذَا نَظَر إِذْ كَانَتْ شُهُورهمْ مَنُوطَة بِالْأَهِلَّةِ فَلَا بُدّ مِنْ دَوَرَانهَا فَلَعَلَّهُمْ سَمَّوْهُ بِذَلِكَ أَوَّل مَا سُمِّيَ عِنْد جُمُود الْمَاء فِي الْبَرْد كَمَا قَالَ الشَّاعِر : وَلَيْلَة مِنْ جُمَادَى ذَات أَنْدِيَة لَا يُبْصِر الْعَبْد فِي ظَلْمَائِهَا الطُّنُبَا لَا يَنْبَح الْكَلْب فِيهَا غَيْر وَاحِدَة حَتَّى يَلُفّ عَلَى خُرْطُومه الذَّنَبَا وَيُجْمَع عَلَى جُمَادَيَات كَحُبَارَى وَحُبَارَيَات وَقَدْ يُذَكَّر وَيُؤَنَّث فَيُقَال جُمَادَى الْأُولَى وَالْأَوَّل وَجُمَادَى الْآخِر وَالْآخِرَة
Jumada is called so because the water would dry up (Jamud) then.They say Jumadu ul Awwal and Jumad ul Akhir .In the feminie form it is Jumadaa al oolaa and Jumadaa al akhirah
جُمَادَى الْأُولَى ,جُمَادَى الْآخِرَة
The plural form is Jumaadayaathu just like
حُبَارَى -حُبَارَيَات
وَرَجَب مِنْ التَّرْجِيب وَهُوَ التَّعْظِيم وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَرْجَاب وَرِجَاب وَرُجُبَات
Rajab comes from Tarjib, meaning to honour.Its plural forms are,
أَرْجَاب وَرِجَاب وَرُجُبَات
وَشَعْبَان مِنْ تَشَعُّب الْقَبَائِل وَتَفَرُّقهَا لِلْغَارَةِ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى شَعَابِين وَشَعَابَات
Sha`ban is from the word
تَشَعُّب
because the tribes would separate and return to their homes during this month.
The plural forms are,
شَعَابِين -شَعَابَات
وَرَمَضَان مِنْ شِدَّة الرَّمْضَاء وَهُوَ الْحَرّ يُقَال رَمِضَتْ الْفِصَال إِذَا عَطِشَتْ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى رَمَضَانَات وَرَمَاضِين وَأَرْمِضَة قَالَ : وَقَوْل مَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ اِسْم مِنْ أَسْمَاء اللَّه خَطَأ لَا يُعَرَّج عَلَيْهِ وَلَا يُلْتَفَت إِلَيْهِ قُلْت : قَدْ وَرَدَ فِي حَدِيث وَلَكِنَّهُ ضَعِيف وَبَيَّنْته فِي أَوَّل كِتَاب الصِّيَام
Ramadan was so named because of its severity of the Ramda'/ - the heat, and they say
رَمِضَتْ الْفِصَال
when it is thirsty.And the saying that
رَمَضَان
Ramadan is one of the Names of Allah is a mistake, for there is no proof or support for that view.Though there is one Hadith regarding this, it is Da-eefu and hence not authentic.
وَشَوَّال مِنْ شَالَتْ الْإِبِل بِأَذْنَابِهَا لِلطِّرَاقِ قَالَ : وَيُجْمَع عَلَى
The ninth month is Shawwal.Its plural forms are,
شَوَاوِل وَشَوَاوِيل وَشَوَّالَات .
الْقَعْدَة بِفَتْحِ الْقَاف - قُلْت وَكَسْرهَا - لِقُعُودِهِمْ فِيهِ عَنْ الْقِتَال وَالتَّرْحَال وَيُجْمَع عَلَى ذَوَات الْقَعْدَة
Now, Dul-Qa-ada is the month in which they used to sit in the houses without going to war.Its plural form is,
ذَوَات الْقَعْدَة
الْحِجَّة بِكَسْرِ الْحَاء - قُلْت وَفَتْحهَا - سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِإِيقَاعِهِمْ الْحَجّ فِيهِ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى ذَوَات الْحِجَّة
The last month Dul-Hijjah or Dul-Hajjah is related to Hajju.Its plural form is,
ذَوَات الْحِجَّة
أَسْمَاء الْأَيَّام أَوَّلهَا الْأَحَد وَيُجْمَع عَلَى آحَاد وَأَوْحَاد وَوُحُود
Now , we'll discuss the names of the days of a week.The first day is Youm ul ahad/Sunday.Its plural form is,
آحَاد وَأَوْحَاد وَوُحُود
ثُمَّ يَوْم الِاثْنَيْن وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَثَانِينَ
The next day is Youm ul Ithnayn /Monday ,and its plural is Atha'thee'n.
الثُّلَاثَاء يُمَدّ وَيُذَكَّر وَيُؤَنَّث وَيُجْمَع عَلَى ثَلَاثَاوَات وَأَثَالِث
Then, Ath-thulathaa-u/Tuesday
الثُّلَاثَاء
Its plural forms are,
ثَلَاثَاوَات وَأَثَالِث
ثُمَّ الْأَرْبِعَاء بِالْمَدِّ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَرْبِعَاوَات وَأَرَابِيع
Then it is Arbi-aau/Wednesday
الْأَرْبِعَاء
The plural forms are,
أَرْبِعَاوَات وَأَرَابِيع
وَالْخَمِيس يُجْمَع عَلَى أَخْمِسَة وَأَخَامِس
And the khamees
الْخَمِيس
is Thursday.The plural forms are,
أَخْمِسَة وَأَخَامِس
ثُمَّ الْجُمُعَة بِضَمِّ الْمِيم وَإِسْكَانهَا وَفَتْحهَا أَيْضًا وَيُجْمَع عَلَى جُمَع وَجُمَاعَات .
Then it is Youm ul Jumu-a/Friday-the Jumu-a day.There are readings Jumu-ah and Jum-ah.The plural forms of
الْجُمُعَة
are,
جُمَع وَجُمَاعَات
Juma-u and Jumaa-aathu.
السَّبْت مَأْخُوذ مِنْ السَّبْت وَهُوَ الْقَطْع لِانْتِهَاءِ الْعَدَد عِنْده
The last day of the week is ,
السَّبْت
As-sabthu/the Saturday.
وَكَانَتْ الْعَرَب تُسَمِّي الْأَيَّام أَوَّل ثُمَّ أَهْوَن ثُمَّ جُبَار ثُمَّ دُبَار ثُمَّ مُؤْنِس ثُمَّ الْعَرُوبَة ثُمَّ شِيَار قَالَ الشَّاعِر مِنْ الْعَرَب الْعَرْبَاء الْعَارِبَة الْمُتَقَدِّمِينَ : أُرَجِّي أَنْ أَعِيش وَإِنَّ يَوْمِي بِأَوَّل أَوْ بِأَهْوَن أَوْ جُبَار أَوْ التَّالِي دُبَار فَإِنْ أَفُتْهُ فَمُؤْنِس أَوْ عَرُوبَة أَوْ شِيَار
...................................
وَقَوْله تَعَالَى " مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم " فَهَذَا مِمَّا كَانَتْ الْعَرَب أَيْضًا فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّة تُحَرِّمهُ وَهُوَ الَّذِي كَانَ عَلَيْهِ جُمْهُورهمْ إِلَّا طَائِفَة مِنْهُمْ يُقَال لَهُمْ الْبَسْل كَانُوا يُحَرِّمُونَ مِنْ السَّنَة ثَمَانِيَة أَشْهُر تَعَمُّقًا وَتَشْدِيدًا
Allah said,
﴿مِنْهَآ أَرْبَعَةٌ حُرُمٌ﴾
(of them four are sacred). The Arabs used to consider these months sacred during the time of Jahiliyyah, except for a group of them called Al-Basl, who held eight months of the year to be sacred as a way of exaggeration or going to the extreme .
وَأَمَّا قَوْله " ثَلَاثَة مُتَوَالِيَات ذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم وَرَجَب مُضَر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان " فَإِنَّمَا أَضَافَهُ إِلَى مُضَر لِيُبَيِّن صِحَّة قَوْلهمْ فِي رَجَب أَنَّهُ الشَّهْر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان لَا كَمَا تَظُنّهُ رَبِيعَة مِنْ أَنَّ رَجَب الْمُحَرَّم هُوَ الشَّهْر الَّذِي بَيْن شَعْبَان وَشَوَّال وَهُوَ رَمَضَان الْيَوْم فَبَيَّنَ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ رَجَب مُضَر لَا رَجَب رَبِيعَة
The Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam said,
«ثَلَاثَةٌ مُتَوَالِيَاتٌ: ذُو الْقَعْدَةِ وَذُو الْحِجَّةِ وَالْمُحَرَّمُ وَرَجَبُ مُضَرَ الَّذِي بَيْنَ جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان»
(Three months are in succession; Dhul-Qa`dah, Dhul-Hijjah and Muharram, and the fourth is Rajab of the tribe of Mudar which comes between Jumada and Sha`ban. The Prophet said "Rajab of Mudar'' to attest to the custom of Mudar, in saying that Rajab is the month that is between Jumada and Sha`ban, not as the tribe of Rabi`ah who considered that it is between Sha`ban and Shawwal, which is Ramadan in the present calendar.
وَإِنَّمَا كَانَتْ الْأَشْهُر الْمُحَرَّمَة أَرْبَعَة ثَلَاثَة سَرْد وَوَاحِد فَرْد لِأَجْلِ أَدَاء مَنَاسِك الْحَجّ وَالْعُمْرَة فَحَرَّمَ قَبْل أَشْهُر الْحَجّ شَهْرًا وَهُوَ ذُو الْقَعْدَة لِأَنَّهُمْ يَقْعُدُونَ فِيهِ عَنْ الْقِتَال وَحَرَّمَ شَهْر ذِي الْحَجَّة لِأَنَّهُمْ يُوقِعُونَ فِيهِ الْحَجّ وَيَشْتَغِلُونَ بِأَدَاءِ الْمَنَاسِك وَحَرَّمَ بَعْده شَهْرًا آخَر وَهُوَ الْمُحَرَّم لِيَرْجِعُوا فِيهِ إِلَى أَقْصَى بِلَادهمْ آمِنِينَ وَحَرَّمَ رَجَب فِي وَسَط الْحَوْل لِأَجْلِ زِيَارَة الْبَيْت وَالِاعْتِمَار بِهِ لِمَنْ يَقْدَم إِلَيْهِ مِنْ أَقْصَى جَزِيرَة الْعَرَب فَيَزُورهُ ثُمَّ يَعُود إِلَى وَطَنه فِيهِ آمِنًا
The four Sacred Months were made four, three in succession and one alone, so that the Hajj and `Umrah are performed with ease. Dhul-Qa`dah, the month before the Hajj month, was made sacred because they refrained from fighting during that month. Dhul-Hijjah, the next month, was made sacred because it is the month of Hajj, during which they performed Hajj rituals. Muharram, which comes next, was made sacred so that they were able to go back to their areas in safety after performing Hajj. Rajab, in the middle of the lunar year, was made sacred so that those coming from the farthest areas of Arabia were able to perform `Umrah and visit the House and then go back to their areas safely.
وَقَوْله " ذَلِكَ الدِّين الْقَيِّم " أَيْ هَذَا هُوَ الشَّرْع الْمُسْتَقِيم مِنْ اِمْتِثَال أَمْر اللَّه فِيمَا جَعَلَ مِنْ الْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم وَالْحَذْو بِهَا عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ مِنْ كِتَاب اللَّه الْأَوَّل
ذَلِكَ الدِّين الْقَيِّم
Allah said next,
﴿ذلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ﴾
(That is the right religion), that is the Straight Law, requiring implementing Allah's order concerning the months that He made them sacred and their true count as it was originally written by Allah
قَالَ تَعَالَى " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " أَيْ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَشْهُر الْمُحَرَّمَة لِأَنَّهَا آكَد وَأَبْلَغ فِي الْإِثْم مِنْ غَيْرهَا كَمَا أَنَّ الْمَعَاصِي فِي الْبَلَد الْحَرَام تُضَاعَف لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى " وَمَنْ يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَاب أَلِيم " وَكَذَا الشَّهْر الْحَرَام تَغْلُظ فِيهِ الْآثَام وَلِهَذَا تَغْلُظ فِيهِ الدِّيَة فِي مَذْهَب الشَّافِعِيّ وَطَائِفَة كَثِيرَة مِنْ الْعُلَمَاء وَكَذَا فِي حَقّ مَنْ قَتَلَ فِي الْحَرَم أَوْ قَتَلَ ذَا مَحْرَم
Allah said,
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein) during these Sacred Months, for sin in them is worse than sin in other months. Likewise, sins in the Sacred City are written multiplied.In Surah Al Hajju 25 we see,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا وَيَصُدُّونَ عَن سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَالْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ الَّذِي جَعَلْنَاهُ لِلنَّاسِ سَوَاء الْعَاكِفُ فِيهِ وَالْبَادِ وَمَن يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ
Indeed, those who have disbelieved and avert people from the way of Allah and from al-Masjid al-Haram, which We made for the people - equal are the resident therein and one from outside; and also whoever intends a deed therein of deviation in religion or wrong doing , We will make him taste of a painful punishment.
Likewise,the punishment of sins done during the Sacred months will be multiplied, and as such the diyathu - blood money given to the heirs of the deceased person-will be multiplied as per the view of Imam Shafi-ee and many other Scholars.And similar is the case of killing in the Haram at Makkah and killing a Mahram.
وَقَالَ حَمَّاد بْن سَلَمَة عَنْ عَلِيّ بْن زَيْد عَنْ يُوسُف بْن مَهْرَان عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس فِي قَوْله " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " قَالَ فِي الشُّهُور كُلّهَا وَقَالَ عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَلْحَة عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس قَوْله " إِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه " الْآيَة فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ فِي كُلّهنَّ ثُمَّ اِخْتَصَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَة أَشْهُر فَجَعَلَهُنَّ حَرَامًا وَعَظَّمَ حُرُمَاتهنَّ وَجَعَلَ الذَّنْب فِيهِنَّ أَعْظَم وَالْعَمَل الصَّالِح وَالْأَجْر أَعْظَم
Similarly, sin in general is worse during the Sacred Months `Ali bin Abi Talhah narrated that Ibn `Abbas said, Allah's statement,
﴿إِنَّ عِدَّةَ الشُّهُورِ عِندَ اللَّهِ﴾
(Verily, the number of months with Allah...), is connected to
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein),It means ''doing sins in all the twelve months'', Allah then chose four out of these months and made them Sacred, emphasizing their Sanctity, making sinning in them greater, in addition to, multiplying rewards of righteous deeds during them.
وَقَالَ قَتَادَة فِي قَوْله " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " إِنَّ الظُّلْم فِي الْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم أَعْظَم خَطِيئَة وَوِزْرًا مِنْ الظُّلْم فِيمَا سِوَاهَا . وَإِنْ كَانَ الظُّلْم عَلَى كُلّ حَال عَظِيمًا وَلَكِنَّ اللَّه يُعَظِّم مِنْ أَمْره مَا يَشَاء وَقَالَ : إِنَّ اللَّه اِصْطَفَى صَفَايَا مِنْ خَلْقه اِصْطَفَى مِنْ الْمَلَائِكَة رُسُلًا وَمِنْ النَّاس رُسُلًا وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الْكَلَام ذِكْره وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الْأَرْض الْمَسَاجِد وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الشُّهُور رَمَضَان وَالْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الْأَيَّام يَوْم الْجُمُعَة وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ اللَّيَالِي لَيْلَة الْقَدْر فَعَظِّمُوا مَا عَظَّمَ اللَّه .
فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ
فَإِنَّمَا تَعْظِيم الْأُمُور بِمَا عَظَّمَهَا اللَّه بِهِ عِنْد أَهْل الْفَهْم وَأَهْل الْعَقْل وَقَالَ الثَّوْرِيّ عَنْ قَيْس بْن مُسْلِم عَنْ الْحَسَن عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن الْحَنَفِيَّة بِأَنْ لَا تُحَرِّمُوهُنَّ كَحُرْمَتِهِنَّ
Qatadah said about Allah's statement,
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein), "Injustice during the Sacred Months is worse and graver than injustice in other months. Verily, injustice is always wrong, but Allah makes some items/things graver than other items/things as He will.'' He also said, "Allah has chosen some of His creation above others. He chose Messengers from angels and from men. He also chose His Speech above all speech, the Masajid/Mosques above other areas of the earth, Ramadan and the Sacred Months above all months, Friday above the other days and Laylatul-Qadr (The Night of Decree) above all nights. Therefore, sanctify what Allah has sanctified, for doing so is the practice of people of understanding and comprehension.''
............................
وَقَالَ مُحَمَّد بْن إِسْحَاق " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " أَيْ لَا تَجْعَلُوا حَرَامَهَا حَلَالًا وَلَا حَلَالهَا حَرَامًا كَمَا فَعَلَ أَهْل الشِّرْك فَإِنَّمَا النَّسِيء الَّذِي كَانُوا يَصْنَعُونَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ زِيَادَة فِي الْكُفْر " يُضَلّ بِهِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا " الْآيَة وَهَذَا الْقَوْل اِخْتِيَار اِبْن جَرِير
Muhammad bnu Is-haq said about Allah's statement,
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein):It means that one should not make the halal/permitted things in it as haraam/prohibited things and viceversa.It condemns Nsee-u which was a pagan custom in which they changed Sanctity of the Sacred Months to suit their needs.Ibnu Jareer rahmathullahi a'lyhi opted this view.
وَقَوْله " وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة " أَيْ جَمِيعكُمْ " كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة " أَيْ جَمِيعهمْ " وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّه مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
Allah said,
﴿وَقَاتِلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَآفَّةً﴾
(and fight against the idolators collectively), all of you,
﴿كَمَا يُقَـتِلُونَكُمْ كَآفَّةً﴾
(as they fight against you collectively.), all of them,
﴿وَاعْلَمُواْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ﴾
(But know that Allah is with those who have Taqwa/Piety)
وَقَدْ اِخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاء فِي تَحْرِيم
اِبْتِدَاء الْقِتَال فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام هَلْ هُوَ مَنْسُوخ أَوْ مُحْكَم عَلَى قَوْلَيْنِ
Now as regards to the ruling of the prohibition of war during the Sacred months, as to whether the ruling is abrogated or not, there are two views among the Scholars
" أَحَدهمَا " وَهُوَ الْأَشْهَر أَنَّهُ مَنْسُوخ لِأَنَّهُ تَعَالَى قَالَ هَهُنَا " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " وَأَمَرَ بِقِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَظَاهِر السِّيَاق مُشْعِر بِأَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِذَلِكَ أَمْرًا عَامًّا وَلَوْ كَانَ مُحَرَّمًا فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام لَأَوْشَكَ أَنْ يُقَيِّدهُ بِانْسِلَاخِهَا وَلِأَنَّ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَاصَرَ أَهْل الطَّائِف فِي شَهْر حَرَام وَهُوَ ذُو الْقَعْدَة كَمَا ثَبَتَ فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ أَنَّهُ خَرَجَ إِلَى هَوَازِن فِي شَوَّال فَلَمَّا كَسَرَهُمْ وَاسْتَفَاءَ أَمْوَالهمْ وَرَجَعَ فَلّهمْ لَجَئُوا إِلَى الطَّائِف فَعَمَدَ إِلَى الطَّائِف فَحَاصَرَهُمْ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا وَانْصَرَفَ وَلَمْ يَفْتَحهَا فَثَبَتَ أَنَّهُ حَاصَرَ فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام
The famous/ash-har view is that the ruling is abrogated/mansookh.They say after Allah's words,﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein), Allah said to fight with Mushrikeen just as they fight with the Muslims.Also Scholars of this group advocate that the Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam fought with the people of Thwa-if during the Sacred month(Note:This was when they innitiated the attack and also it had started before the Sacred month)
وَالْقَوْل الْآخَر أَنَّ اِبْتِدَاء الْقِتَال فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام حَرَام وَأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُنْسَخ تَحْرِيم الشَّهْر الْحَرَام لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى " يَا أَيّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تُحِلُّوا شَعَائِر اللَّه وَلَا الشَّهْر الْحَرَام " وَقَالَ " الشَّهْر الْحَرَام بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَام وَالْحُرُمَات قِصَاص فَمَنْ اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ " الْآيَة وَقَالَ " فَإِذَا اِنْسَلَخَ الْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ " الْآيَة وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَنَّهَا الْأَرْبَعَة الْمُقَرَّرَة فِي كُلّ سَنَة لَا أَشْهُر التَّسْيِير عَلَى أَحَد الْقَوْلَيْنِ .
The second view is that the RULING OF THE PROHIBITION OF WAR DURING THE SACRED MONTHS IS NOT ABROGATED AT ALL.The Quranic verses given below support this view. We see in Surah Ma-idah verse 2,
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ لاَ تُحِلُّواْ شَعَآئِرَ اللّهِ وَلاَ الشَّهْرَ الْحَرَامَ وَلاَ الْهَدْيَ وَلاَ الْقَلآئِدَ وَلا آمِّينَ الْبَيْتَ الْحَرَامَ يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّهِمْ وَرِضْوَانًا وَإِذَا حَلَلْتُمْ فَاصْطَادُواْ وَلاَ يَجْرِمَنَّكُمْ شَنَآنُ قَوْمٍ أَن صَدُّوكُمْ عَنِ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ أَن تَعْتَدُواْ وَتَعَاوَنُواْ عَلَى الْبرِّ وَالتَّقْوَى وَلاَ تَعَاوَنُواْ عَلَى الإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ وَاتَّقُواْ اللّهَ إِنَّ اللّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ
O you who have believed, do not violate the rites of Allah or [the sanctity of] the sacred month or [neglect the marking of] the sacrificial animals and garlanding them or [violate the safety of] those coming to the Sacred House seeking bounty from their Lord and His approval. But when you come out of ihram, then you may hunt. And do not let the hatred of a people for having obstructed you from al-Masjid al-Haram lead you to transgress. And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression. And fear Allah ; indeed, Allah is severe in penalty.
Also see verse 194 of Surah Al Baqarah,
الشَّهْرُ الْحَرَامُ بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ وَالْحُرُمَاتُ قِصَاصٌ فَمَنِ اعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُواْ عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ وَاتَّقُواْ اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُواْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
Fighting in the sacred month is for [aggression committed in] the sacred month, and for all violations is legal retribution. So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you. And fear Allah and know that Allah is with those who fear Him.
Also see verse 5 of Surah At-thoubah
فَإِذَا انسَلَخَ الأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمْ وَخُذُوهُمْ وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُواْ لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ فَإِن تَابُواْ وَأَقَامُواْ الصَّلاَةَ وَآتَوُاْ الزَّكَاةَ فَخَلُّواْ سَبِيلَهُمْ إِنَّ اللّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
.................................
وَأَمَّا قَوْله تَعَالَى " وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة " فَيَحْتَمِل أَنَّهُ مُنْقَطِع عَمَّا قَبْله وَأَنَّهُ حُكْم مُسْتَأْنَف وَيَكُون مِنْ بَاب التَّهْيِيج وَالتَّحْضِيض أَيْ كَمَا يَجْتَمِعُونَ لِحَرْبِكُمْ إِذَا حَارَبُوكُمْ فَاجْتَمِعُوا أَنْتُمْ أَيْضًا لَهُمْ إِذَا حَارَبْتُمُوهُمْ وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ بِنَظِيرِ مَا يَفْعَلُونَ وَيَحْتَمِل أَنَّهُ إِذْن لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِقِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام إِذَا كَانَتْ الْبُدَاءَة مِنْهُمْ كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى " الشَّهْر الْحَرَام بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَام وَالْحُرُمَات قِصَاص " وَقَالَ تَعَالَى " وَلَا تُقَاتِلُوهُمْ عِنْد الْمَسْجِد الْحَرَام حَتَّى يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ فَإِنْ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ " الْآيَة .
وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة
(PLEASE NOTE):FROM THE STATEMENT OF ALLAH,
وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة
'and fight against the idolators collectively all of you,
as they fight against you collectively all of them'',WE CAN UNDERSTAND THAT FIGHTING WITH THE MUSHRIKEEN IS PERMITTED IN THE SACRED MONTHS ONLY IF THE MUSHRIKEEN INITIATED ATTACKS ,IN THOSE MONTHS, AGAINST MUSLIMS.
This means that if they they prepare, organise and started attacking Muslims with weapons in the Sared months, then Muslims should also retaliate in defence.
(please note:It is not be understood that fighting with innocent non-Muslims is permitted during other times/months.Here ,in Sacred Months fighting is prohibited even as a reply to an earlier attack on Muslims. BUT PERMISSION IN SACRED MONTHS IS TO RETALIATE THE ATTACKS INITIATED BY MUSHRIKEEN DURING THE SACRED MONTHS ONLY.But such a prohibition is not there in the case of other months, i.e, during other months fighting is allowed against the earlier attacks by Mushrikeen also)
.....................................
وَهَكَذَا الْجَوَاب عَنْ حِصَار رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَهْل الطَّائِف وَاسْتِصْحَابه الْحِصَار إِلَى أَنْ دَخَلَ الشَّهْر الْحَرَام فَإِنَّهُ مِنْ تَتِمَّة قِتَال هَوَازِن وَأَحْلَافهَا مِنْ ثَقِيف فَإِنَّهُمْ هُمْ الَّذِينَ اِبْتَدَءُوا الْقِتَال وَجَمَعُوا الرِّجَال وَدَعَوْا إِلَى الْحَرْب وَالنِّزَال فَعِنْدَمَا قَصَدَهُمْ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ فَلَمَّا تَحَصَّنُوا بِالطَّائِفِ ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِمْ لِيُنْزِلهُمْ مِنْ حُصُونهمْ فَنَالُوا مِنْ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَقَتَلُوا جَمَاعَة وَاسْتَمَرَّ الْحِصَار بِالْمَجَانِيقِ وَغَيْرهَا قَرِيبًا مِنْ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا وَكَانَ اِبْتِدَاؤُهُ فِي شَهْر حَلَال وَدَخَلَ الشَّهْر الْحَرَام فَاسْتَمَرَّ فِيهِ أَيَّامًا ثُمَّ قَفَلَ عَنْهُمْ لِأَنَّهُ يُغْتَفَر فِي الدَّوَام مَا لَا يُغْتَفَر فِي الِابْتِدَاء وَهَذَا أَمْر مُقَرَّر وَلَهُ نَظَائِر كَثِيرَة وَاَللَّه أَعْلَم وَلْنَذْكُرْ الْأَحَادِيث الْوَارِدَة فِي ذَلِكَ . وَقَدْ حَرَّرْنَا ذَلِكَ فِي السِّيرَة وَاَللَّه أَعْلَم
Now, likewise, as regards to the fighting of the Prophet swallallahiu alyhi wa sallam with the people of Tha-if they explain that,this was when the people of Tha-if innitiated attack against Muslims and also it had started before the Sacred month , though it covered a few days of the Scred month .And Allah knows the best.
إِنَّ عِدَّةَ الشُّهُورِ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ اثْنَا عَشَرَ شَهْرًا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَةٌ حُرُمٌ ذَلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسَكُمْ وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّةً كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّةً وَاعْلَمُوا
أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
(36. Verily, the number of months with Allah is twelve months in a year, so was it ordained by Allah on the Day when He created the heavens and the earth; of them four are sacred. That is the right religion, so wrong not yourselves therein, and fight against the Mushrikeen/ idolaters collectively AS THEY FIGHT AGAINST YOU COLLECTIVELY. But know that Allah is with those who have Thaqwa/Piety.
Thafsir Ibnu Kathir English
Now we'll see, in shaa Allah, the explanation of this verse as given in Thafsir Ibnu Kathir.The Arabic text with its gist of meanings in English is given here.
قَالَ الْإِمَام أَحْمَد : حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيل أَخْبَرَنَا أَيُّوب أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّد بْن سِيرِين عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرَة أَنَّ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ خَطَبَ فِي حَجَّته فَقَالَ " أَلَا إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَوَات وَالْأَرْض السَّنَة اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم ثَلَاثَة مُتَوَالِيَات ذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحِجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم وَرَجَب مُضَر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان " ثُمَّ قَالَ " أَيّ يَوْم هَذَا ؟ " قُلْنَا اللَّه وَرَسُوله أَعْلَم فَسَكَتَ حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ بِغَيْرِ اِسْمه قَالَ " أَلَيْسَ يَوْم النَّحْر ؟ " قُلْنَا بَلَى ثُمَّ قَالَ " أَيّ شَهْر هَذَا ؟ " قُلْنَا اللَّه وَرَسُوله أَعْلَم فَسَكَتَ حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ بِغَيْرِ اِسْمه قَالَ " أَلَيْسَ ذَا الْحَجَّة ؟ " قُلْنَا بَلَى ثُمَّ قَالَ " أَيّ بَلَد هَذَا . ؟ " قُلْنَا اللَّه وَرَسُوله أَعْلَم فَسَكَتَ حَتَّى ظَنَنَّا أَنَّهُ سَيُسَمِّيهِ بِغَيْرِ اِسْمه قَالَ " أَلَيْسَتْ الْبَلْدَة ؟ " قُلْنَا بَلَى قَالَ " فَإِنَّ دِمَاءَكُمْ وَأَمْوَالكُمْ - وَأَحْسِبهُ قَالَ - وَأَعْرَاضكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ حَرَام كَحُرْمَةِ يَوْمكُمْ هَذَا فِي شَهْركُمْ هَذَا فِي بَلَدكُمْ هَذَا . وَسَتَلْقَوْنَ رَبّكُمْ فَيَسْأَلكُمْ عَنْ أَعْمَالكُمْ أَلَا لَا تَرْجِعُوا بَعْدِي ضُلَّالًا يَضْرِب بَعْضكُمْ رِقَاب بَعْض أَلَا هَلْ بَلَّغْت ؟ أَلَا لِيُبَلِّغْ الشَّاهِد مِنْكُمْ الْغَائِب فَلَعَلَّ مَنْ يَبْلُغهُ يَكُون أَوْعَى لَهُ مِنْ بَعْض مَنْ سَمِعَهُ " رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيّ فِي التَّفْسِير وَغَيْره . وَمُسْلِم مِنْ حَدِيث أَيُّوب عَنْ مُحَمَّد وَهُوَ اِبْن سِيرِين عَنْ عَبْد الرَّحْمَن بْن أَبِي بَكْرَة عَنْ أَبِيهِ بِهِ
Narrated by Aboo Bakrah Radiyallahu anhu:Nabi swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam made a speech during his Hajju.He said:The division of time has turned to its original form which was current when Allah created the heavens and the earth. The year is of twelve months, out of which four months are Sacred: Three are in succession Dhul-Qa`dah, Dhul-Hijjah and Muharram, and the fourth is Rajab of the tribe of Mudar which comes between Jumada and Sha`ban.'' The Prophet then asked:What is the day today? We said, "Allah and His Messenger know better. He kept quiet until we thought that he might give that day another name. He asked :Isn't it the day of Nahr/the Eid ul Azha day? We replied, "Yes.'' He further asked: Which month is this? We again said, "Allah and His Messenger know better,'' and he kept quiet and made us think that he might give it another name. Then he asked:Isn't it the month of Dhul-Hijjah? We replied, "Yes.'' He asked:What town is this? We said, "Allah and His Messenger know better,'' and he kept quiet until we thought that he might change its name. He asked:Isn't this the Sacred Town/Makkah? We said, "Yes.'' He said:''Verily! Your Blood, Property ( and the sub -narrator say 'I think he said 'and your Honour' too) are Sacred to one another like the Sanctity of this Day of yours, in this Month of yours and in this City of yours. Verily, you will meet your Lord and He will question you about your actions. Behold! Do not revert to misguidance after me by striking the necks of /killing one another. Have I conveyed you the Message? It is incumbent upon those who are present here to inform those who are absent, because some of those who hear the message from you might comprehend what I have said better than some people who are present here now. Al-Bukhari and Muslim also have collected this Hadith.
وَقَدْ قَالَ اِبْن جَرِير : حَدَّثَنَا مَعْمَر حَدَّثَنَا رَوْح حَدَّثَنَا أَشْعَث عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن سِيرِين عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَة قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض وَإِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا فِي كِتَاب اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم ثَلَاثَة مُتَوَالِيَات - ذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم - وَرَجَب مُضَر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان " وَرَوَاهُ الْبَزَّار عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن مَعْمَر بِهِ . ثُمَّ قَالَ لَا يُرْوَى عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَة إِلَّا مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْه وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ اِبْن عَوْن وَقُرَّة عَنْ اِبْن سِيرِين عَنْ عَبْد الرَّحْمَن بْن أَبِي بَكْرَة عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَقَالَ اِبْن جَرِير أَيْضًا : حَدَّثَنِي مُوسَى بْن عَبْد الرَّحْمَن الْمَسْرُوقِيّ حَدَّثَنَا زَيْد بْن حَبَّاب حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى بْن عُبَيْدَة الرَّبَذِيّ حَدَّثَنِي صَدَقَة بْن يَسَار عَنْ اِبْن عُمَر قَالَ : خَطَبَ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي حَجَّة الْوَدَاع بِمِنًى فِي أَوْسَط أَيَّام التَّشْرِيق فَقَالَ " أَيّهَا النَّاس إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ فَهُوَ الْيَوْم كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض وَإِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم أَوَّلهنَّ رَجَب مُضَر بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان وَذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم " وَرَوَى اِبْن مَرْدَوَيْهِ مِنْ حَدِيث مُوسَى بْن عُبَيْدَة عَنْ عَبْد اللَّه بْن دِينَار عَنْ اِبْن عُمَر مِثْله أَوْ نَحْوه وَقَالَ حَمَّاد بْن سَلَمَة حَدَّثَنِي عَلِيّ بْن زَيْد عَنْ أَبِي حَمْزَة الرَّقَاشِيّ عَنْ عَمّه وَكَانَتْ لَهُ صُحْبَة قَالَ : كُنْت آخِذًا بِزِمَامِ نَاقَة رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي أَوْسَط أَيَّام التَّشْرِيق أَذُود النَّاس عَنْهُ فَقَالَ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ " أَلَا إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض وَإِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه اِثْنَا عَشَر شَهْرًا فِي كِتَاب اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ "
Similar reports are quoted above whose translation is not given here.In one report, we see ,after the words ''out of which four months are Sacred', the following words,'
فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ
Then you shoud not wrong yourselves during those months'.
وَقَالَ سَعِيد بْن مَنْصُور حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَة عَنْ الْكَلْبِيّ عَنْ أَبِي صَالِح عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس فِي قَوْله " مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم "
قَالَ مُحَرَّم وَرَجَب وَذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَقَوْله صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْحَدِيث " إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض " تَقْرِير مِنْهُ صَلَوَات اللَّه وَسَلَامه عَلَيْهِ وَتَثْبِيت لِلْأَمْرِ عَلَى مَا جَعَلَهُ اللَّه فِي أَوَّل الْأَمْر مِنْ غَيْر تَقْدِيم وَلَا تَأْخِير وَلَا زِيَادَة وَلَا نَقْص وَلَا نَسِيء وَلَا تَبْدِيل كَمَا قَالَ فِي تَحْرِيم مَكَّة " إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَلَد حَرَّمَهُ اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض فَهُوَ حَرَام بِحُرْمَة اللَّه تَعَالَى إِلَى يَوْم الْقِيَامَة وَهَكَذَا قَالَ هَهُنَا " إِنَّ الزَّمَان قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض " أَيْ الْأَمْر الْيَوْم شَرْعًا كَمَا اِبْتَدَعَ اللَّه ذَلِكَ فِي كِتَابه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض
Ibnu Abbas radiyallahu a'nhu explains the words of Allah,
مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم
''out of which four months are Sacred' that the four months mentioned are Muharam , Rajabu, Dul Qa-ad & Dul-Hajjah.We may understand from the words of the Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam,'The division of time has turned to its original form which was current when Allah created the heavens and the earth', that these words are as he said in the case of the Sanctity of Makkah/Haram.He said:
إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَلَد حَرَّمَهُ اللَّه يَوْم خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض فَهُوَ حَرَام بِحُرْمَة اللَّه تَعَالَى إِلَى يَوْم الْقِيَامَة
Know that this City has been made Sacred by Allah since the Day of the creation of the Earth and the Heavens.It is Sacred by the hurmath/Sanctity given by Allah to it till the Day of Judgement.
وَقَدْ قَالَ بَعْض الْمُفَسِّرِينَ وَالْمُتَكَلِّمِينَ عَلَى هَذَا الْحَدِيث إِنَّ الْمُرَاد بِقَوْلِهِ " قَدْ اِسْتَدَارَ كَهَيْئَتِهِ يَوْم خَلَقَ اللَّه السَّمَاوَات وَالْأَرْض " أَنَّهُ اِتَّفَقَ أَنَّ حَجّ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي تِلْكَ السَّنَة فِي ذِي الْحَجَّة وَأَنَّ الْعَرَب قَدْ كَانَتْ نَسَأَتْ النَّسِيء يَحُجُّونَ فِي كَثِير مِنْ السِّنِينَ بَلْ أَكْثَرهَا فِي غَيْر ذِي الْحَجَّة وَزَعَمُوا أَنَّ حَجَّة التَّصْدِيق فِي سَنَة تِسْع كَانَتْ فِي ذِي الْقَعْدَة وَفِي هَذَا نَظَر كَمَا سَنُبَيِّنُهُ إِذَا تَكَلَّمْنَا عَنْ النَّسِيء وَأَغْرَب مِنْهُ مَا رَوَاهُ الطَّبَرَانِيّ عَنْ بَعْض السَّلَف فِي جُمْلَة حَدِيث أَنَّهُ اِتَّفَقَ حَجّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَالْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى فِي يَوْم وَاحِد وَهُوَ يَوْم النَّحْر عَام حَجَّة الْوَدَاع وَاَللَّه أَعْلَم
From the Hadith above Scholars explain that the Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam performed Hajju in the month of Dul -Hijjah, in contrary to the Pagan Arabs ,who used to do Nasee-u(Nasee-u is the system followed by Pagan Arabs in which they changed the season of the Hajju to suit their needs).Most of them used to perform Hajju in the month of Dul -Qa-ad.Thabrani reports from some Salafs that the Hajju of the Muslims, the Nasaraa and the Yahudis were on the same day/youmunnahru.But this report is Gareeb/rare.And Allah knows the Best.
. " فَصْل " ذَكَرَ الشَّيْخ عَلَم الدِّين السَّخَاوِيّ فِي جُزْء جَمَعَهُ سَمَّاهُ " الْمَشْهُور فِي أَسْمَاء الْأَيَّام وَالشُّهُور " أَنَّ الْمُحَرَّم سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِكَوْنِهِ شَهْرًا مُحَرَّمًا وَعِنْدِي أَنَّهُ سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ تَأْكِيدًا لِتَحْرِيمِهِ لِأَنَّ الْعَرَب كَانَتْ تَتَقَلَّب بِهِ فَتُحِلّهُ عَامًا وَتُحَرِّمهُ عَامًا قَالَ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى مُحَرَّمَات وَمَحَارِم وَمَحَارِيم
In a small Book collected by Shaykh `Alam ad-Din As-Sakhawi, entitled,
الْمَشْهُور فِي أَسْمَاء الْأَيَّام وَالشُّهُور
Al-Mashhur fi Asma' Al-Ayam wash-Shuhur, he mentioned that Muharram is so named because it is a Sacred month. To me, it was so named to emphasize its sacredness. This is because the Arabs would switch it around. One year they would say it was a Sacred month, the following year they would say that it was not.The plural forms of the word Muharam are,
مُحَرَّمَات مَحَارِم مَحَارِيم
وَصَفَر سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِخُلُوِّ بُيُوتهمْ مِنْهُمْ حِين يَخْرُجُونَ لِلْقِتَالِ وَالْأَسْفَار يُقَال صَفِرَ الْمَكَان إِذَا خَلَا وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَصْفَار كَجَمَلٍ وَأَجْمَال
The author said, "...and Safar is so named because they used to leave their homes during that month for fighting and travelling. When saying `Safir' a al makaan' , it means to leave a place.The plural form of the word,
صَفَر
is
أَصْفَار
Aswfaar.It is just like the word Jamal/camel has the plural form ajmaal.
وَشَهْر رَبِيع الْأَوَّل سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ
لِارْتِبَاعِهِمْ فِيهِ وَالِارْتِبَاع الْإِقَامَة فِي عِمَارَة الرَّبْع وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَرْبِعَاء كَنَصِيبِ وَأَنْصِبَاء وَعَلَى أَرْبِعَة كَرَغِيفٍ وَأَرْغِفَة وَرَبِيع الْآخِر كَالْأَوَّلِ
Rabi` Al-Awwal is called so because they used to do Irtiba` in it, that is to maintain one's property.And Rabi` Al-Akhir, was so named for the same reasons.It has plural forms as given below
أَرْبِعَاء ,أَرْبِعَة
It is just like we say,
نَصِيبِ وَأَنْصِبَاء,رَغِيفٍ وَأَرْغِفَة
وَجُمَادَى سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِجُمُودِ الْمَاء فِيهِ
قَالَ : وَكَانَتْ الشُّهُور فِي حِسَابهمْ لَا تَدُور وَفِي هَذَا نَظَر إِذْ كَانَتْ شُهُورهمْ مَنُوطَة بِالْأَهِلَّةِ فَلَا بُدّ مِنْ دَوَرَانهَا فَلَعَلَّهُمْ سَمَّوْهُ بِذَلِكَ أَوَّل مَا سُمِّيَ عِنْد جُمُود الْمَاء فِي الْبَرْد كَمَا قَالَ الشَّاعِر : وَلَيْلَة مِنْ جُمَادَى ذَات أَنْدِيَة لَا يُبْصِر الْعَبْد فِي ظَلْمَائِهَا الطُّنُبَا لَا يَنْبَح الْكَلْب فِيهَا غَيْر وَاحِدَة حَتَّى يَلُفّ عَلَى خُرْطُومه الذَّنَبَا وَيُجْمَع عَلَى جُمَادَيَات كَحُبَارَى وَحُبَارَيَات وَقَدْ يُذَكَّر وَيُؤَنَّث فَيُقَال جُمَادَى الْأُولَى وَالْأَوَّل وَجُمَادَى الْآخِر وَالْآخِرَة
Jumada is called so because the water would dry up (Jamud) then.They say Jumadu ul Awwal and Jumad ul Akhir .In the feminie form it is Jumadaa al oolaa and Jumadaa al akhirah
جُمَادَى الْأُولَى ,جُمَادَى الْآخِرَة
The plural form is Jumaadayaathu just like
حُبَارَى -حُبَارَيَات
وَرَجَب مِنْ التَّرْجِيب وَهُوَ التَّعْظِيم وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَرْجَاب وَرِجَاب وَرُجُبَات
Rajab comes from Tarjib, meaning to honour.Its plural forms are,
أَرْجَاب وَرِجَاب وَرُجُبَات
وَشَعْبَان مِنْ تَشَعُّب الْقَبَائِل وَتَفَرُّقهَا لِلْغَارَةِ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى شَعَابِين وَشَعَابَات
Sha`ban is from the word
تَشَعُّب
because the tribes would separate and return to their homes during this month.
The plural forms are,
شَعَابِين -شَعَابَات
وَرَمَضَان مِنْ شِدَّة الرَّمْضَاء وَهُوَ الْحَرّ يُقَال رَمِضَتْ الْفِصَال إِذَا عَطِشَتْ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى رَمَضَانَات وَرَمَاضِين وَأَرْمِضَة قَالَ : وَقَوْل مَنْ قَالَ إنَّهُ اِسْم مِنْ أَسْمَاء اللَّه خَطَأ لَا يُعَرَّج عَلَيْهِ وَلَا يُلْتَفَت إِلَيْهِ قُلْت : قَدْ وَرَدَ فِي حَدِيث وَلَكِنَّهُ ضَعِيف وَبَيَّنْته فِي أَوَّل كِتَاب الصِّيَام
Ramadan was so named because of its severity of the Ramda'/ - the heat, and they say
رَمِضَتْ الْفِصَال
when it is thirsty.And the saying that
رَمَضَان
Ramadan is one of the Names of Allah is a mistake, for there is no proof or support for that view.Though there is one Hadith regarding this, it is Da-eefu and hence not authentic.
وَشَوَّال مِنْ شَالَتْ الْإِبِل بِأَذْنَابِهَا لِلطِّرَاقِ قَالَ : وَيُجْمَع عَلَى
The ninth month is Shawwal.Its plural forms are,
شَوَاوِل وَشَوَاوِيل وَشَوَّالَات .
الْقَعْدَة بِفَتْحِ الْقَاف - قُلْت وَكَسْرهَا - لِقُعُودِهِمْ فِيهِ عَنْ الْقِتَال وَالتَّرْحَال وَيُجْمَع عَلَى ذَوَات الْقَعْدَة
Now, Dul-Qa-ada is the month in which they used to sit in the houses without going to war.Its plural form is,
ذَوَات الْقَعْدَة
الْحِجَّة بِكَسْرِ الْحَاء - قُلْت وَفَتْحهَا - سُمِّيَ بِذَلِكَ لِإِيقَاعِهِمْ الْحَجّ فِيهِ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى ذَوَات الْحِجَّة
The last month Dul-Hijjah or Dul-Hajjah is related to Hajju.Its plural form is,
ذَوَات الْحِجَّة
أَسْمَاء الْأَيَّام أَوَّلهَا الْأَحَد وَيُجْمَع عَلَى آحَاد وَأَوْحَاد وَوُحُود
Now , we'll discuss the names of the days of a week.The first day is Youm ul ahad/Sunday.Its plural form is,
آحَاد وَأَوْحَاد وَوُحُود
ثُمَّ يَوْم الِاثْنَيْن وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَثَانِينَ
The next day is Youm ul Ithnayn /Monday ,and its plural is Atha'thee'n.
الثُّلَاثَاء يُمَدّ وَيُذَكَّر وَيُؤَنَّث وَيُجْمَع عَلَى ثَلَاثَاوَات وَأَثَالِث
Then, Ath-thulathaa-u/Tuesday
الثُّلَاثَاء
Its plural forms are,
ثَلَاثَاوَات وَأَثَالِث
ثُمَّ الْأَرْبِعَاء بِالْمَدِّ وَيُجْمَع عَلَى أَرْبِعَاوَات وَأَرَابِيع
Then it is Arbi-aau/Wednesday
الْأَرْبِعَاء
The plural forms are,
أَرْبِعَاوَات وَأَرَابِيع
وَالْخَمِيس يُجْمَع عَلَى أَخْمِسَة وَأَخَامِس
And the khamees
الْخَمِيس
is Thursday.The plural forms are,
أَخْمِسَة وَأَخَامِس
ثُمَّ الْجُمُعَة بِضَمِّ الْمِيم وَإِسْكَانهَا وَفَتْحهَا أَيْضًا وَيُجْمَع عَلَى جُمَع وَجُمَاعَات .
Then it is Youm ul Jumu-a/Friday-the Jumu-a day.There are readings Jumu-ah and Jum-ah.The plural forms of
الْجُمُعَة
are,
جُمَع وَجُمَاعَات
Juma-u and Jumaa-aathu.
السَّبْت مَأْخُوذ مِنْ السَّبْت وَهُوَ الْقَطْع لِانْتِهَاءِ الْعَدَد عِنْده
The last day of the week is ,
السَّبْت
As-sabthu/the Saturday.
وَكَانَتْ الْعَرَب تُسَمِّي الْأَيَّام أَوَّل ثُمَّ أَهْوَن ثُمَّ جُبَار ثُمَّ دُبَار ثُمَّ مُؤْنِس ثُمَّ الْعَرُوبَة ثُمَّ شِيَار قَالَ الشَّاعِر مِنْ الْعَرَب الْعَرْبَاء الْعَارِبَة الْمُتَقَدِّمِينَ : أُرَجِّي أَنْ أَعِيش وَإِنَّ يَوْمِي بِأَوَّل أَوْ بِأَهْوَن أَوْ جُبَار أَوْ التَّالِي دُبَار فَإِنْ أَفُتْهُ فَمُؤْنِس أَوْ عَرُوبَة أَوْ شِيَار
...................................
وَقَوْله تَعَالَى " مِنْهَا أَرْبَعَة حُرُم " فَهَذَا مِمَّا كَانَتْ الْعَرَب أَيْضًا فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّة تُحَرِّمهُ وَهُوَ الَّذِي كَانَ عَلَيْهِ جُمْهُورهمْ إِلَّا طَائِفَة مِنْهُمْ يُقَال لَهُمْ الْبَسْل كَانُوا يُحَرِّمُونَ مِنْ السَّنَة ثَمَانِيَة أَشْهُر تَعَمُّقًا وَتَشْدِيدًا
Allah said,
﴿مِنْهَآ أَرْبَعَةٌ حُرُمٌ﴾
(of them four are sacred). The Arabs used to consider these months sacred during the time of Jahiliyyah, except for a group of them called Al-Basl, who held eight months of the year to be sacred as a way of exaggeration or going to the extreme .
وَأَمَّا قَوْله " ثَلَاثَة مُتَوَالِيَات ذُو الْقَعْدَة وَذُو الْحَجَّة وَالْمُحَرَّم وَرَجَب مُضَر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان " فَإِنَّمَا أَضَافَهُ إِلَى مُضَر لِيُبَيِّن صِحَّة قَوْلهمْ فِي رَجَب أَنَّهُ الشَّهْر الَّذِي بَيْن جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان لَا كَمَا تَظُنّهُ رَبِيعَة مِنْ أَنَّ رَجَب الْمُحَرَّم هُوَ الشَّهْر الَّذِي بَيْن شَعْبَان وَشَوَّال وَهُوَ رَمَضَان الْيَوْم فَبَيَّنَ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ رَجَب مُضَر لَا رَجَب رَبِيعَة
The Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam said,
«ثَلَاثَةٌ مُتَوَالِيَاتٌ: ذُو الْقَعْدَةِ وَذُو الْحِجَّةِ وَالْمُحَرَّمُ وَرَجَبُ مُضَرَ الَّذِي بَيْنَ جُمَادَى وَشَعْبَان»
(Three months are in succession; Dhul-Qa`dah, Dhul-Hijjah and Muharram, and the fourth is Rajab of the tribe of Mudar which comes between Jumada and Sha`ban. The Prophet said "Rajab of Mudar'' to attest to the custom of Mudar, in saying that Rajab is the month that is between Jumada and Sha`ban, not as the tribe of Rabi`ah who considered that it is between Sha`ban and Shawwal, which is Ramadan in the present calendar.
وَإِنَّمَا كَانَتْ الْأَشْهُر الْمُحَرَّمَة أَرْبَعَة ثَلَاثَة سَرْد وَوَاحِد فَرْد لِأَجْلِ أَدَاء مَنَاسِك الْحَجّ وَالْعُمْرَة فَحَرَّمَ قَبْل أَشْهُر الْحَجّ شَهْرًا وَهُوَ ذُو الْقَعْدَة لِأَنَّهُمْ يَقْعُدُونَ فِيهِ عَنْ الْقِتَال وَحَرَّمَ شَهْر ذِي الْحَجَّة لِأَنَّهُمْ يُوقِعُونَ فِيهِ الْحَجّ وَيَشْتَغِلُونَ بِأَدَاءِ الْمَنَاسِك وَحَرَّمَ بَعْده شَهْرًا آخَر وَهُوَ الْمُحَرَّم لِيَرْجِعُوا فِيهِ إِلَى أَقْصَى بِلَادهمْ آمِنِينَ وَحَرَّمَ رَجَب فِي وَسَط الْحَوْل لِأَجْلِ زِيَارَة الْبَيْت وَالِاعْتِمَار بِهِ لِمَنْ يَقْدَم إِلَيْهِ مِنْ أَقْصَى جَزِيرَة الْعَرَب فَيَزُورهُ ثُمَّ يَعُود إِلَى وَطَنه فِيهِ آمِنًا
The four Sacred Months were made four, three in succession and one alone, so that the Hajj and `Umrah are performed with ease. Dhul-Qa`dah, the month before the Hajj month, was made sacred because they refrained from fighting during that month. Dhul-Hijjah, the next month, was made sacred because it is the month of Hajj, during which they performed Hajj rituals. Muharram, which comes next, was made sacred so that they were able to go back to their areas in safety after performing Hajj. Rajab, in the middle of the lunar year, was made sacred so that those coming from the farthest areas of Arabia were able to perform `Umrah and visit the House and then go back to their areas safely.
وَقَوْله " ذَلِكَ الدِّين الْقَيِّم " أَيْ هَذَا هُوَ الشَّرْع الْمُسْتَقِيم مِنْ اِمْتِثَال أَمْر اللَّه فِيمَا جَعَلَ مِنْ الْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم وَالْحَذْو بِهَا عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ مِنْ كِتَاب اللَّه الْأَوَّل
ذَلِكَ الدِّين الْقَيِّم
Allah said next,
﴿ذلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ﴾
(That is the right religion), that is the Straight Law, requiring implementing Allah's order concerning the months that He made them sacred and their true count as it was originally written by Allah
قَالَ تَعَالَى " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " أَيْ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَشْهُر الْمُحَرَّمَة لِأَنَّهَا آكَد وَأَبْلَغ فِي الْإِثْم مِنْ غَيْرهَا كَمَا أَنَّ الْمَعَاصِي فِي الْبَلَد الْحَرَام تُضَاعَف لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى " وَمَنْ يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَاب أَلِيم " وَكَذَا الشَّهْر الْحَرَام تَغْلُظ فِيهِ الْآثَام وَلِهَذَا تَغْلُظ فِيهِ الدِّيَة فِي مَذْهَب الشَّافِعِيّ وَطَائِفَة كَثِيرَة مِنْ الْعُلَمَاء وَكَذَا فِي حَقّ مَنْ قَتَلَ فِي الْحَرَم أَوْ قَتَلَ ذَا مَحْرَم
Allah said,
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein) during these Sacred Months, for sin in them is worse than sin in other months. Likewise, sins in the Sacred City are written multiplied.In Surah Al Hajju 25 we see,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا وَيَصُدُّونَ عَن سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَالْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ الَّذِي جَعَلْنَاهُ لِلنَّاسِ سَوَاء الْعَاكِفُ فِيهِ وَالْبَادِ وَمَن يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ
Indeed, those who have disbelieved and avert people from the way of Allah and from al-Masjid al-Haram, which We made for the people - equal are the resident therein and one from outside; and also whoever intends a deed therein of deviation in religion or wrong doing , We will make him taste of a painful punishment.
Likewise,the punishment of sins done during the Sacred months will be multiplied, and as such the diyathu - blood money given to the heirs of the deceased person-will be multiplied as per the view of Imam Shafi-ee and many other Scholars.And similar is the case of killing in the Haram at Makkah and killing a Mahram.
وَقَالَ حَمَّاد بْن سَلَمَة عَنْ عَلِيّ بْن زَيْد عَنْ يُوسُف بْن مَهْرَان عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس فِي قَوْله " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " قَالَ فِي الشُّهُور كُلّهَا وَقَالَ عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَلْحَة عَنْ اِبْن عَبَّاس قَوْله " إِنَّ عِدَّة الشُّهُور عِنْد اللَّه " الْآيَة فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ فِي كُلّهنَّ ثُمَّ اِخْتَصَّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَة أَشْهُر فَجَعَلَهُنَّ حَرَامًا وَعَظَّمَ حُرُمَاتهنَّ وَجَعَلَ الذَّنْب فِيهِنَّ أَعْظَم وَالْعَمَل الصَّالِح وَالْأَجْر أَعْظَم
Similarly, sin in general is worse during the Sacred Months `Ali bin Abi Talhah narrated that Ibn `Abbas said, Allah's statement,
﴿إِنَّ عِدَّةَ الشُّهُورِ عِندَ اللَّهِ﴾
(Verily, the number of months with Allah...), is connected to
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein),It means ''doing sins in all the twelve months'', Allah then chose four out of these months and made them Sacred, emphasizing their Sanctity, making sinning in them greater, in addition to, multiplying rewards of righteous deeds during them.
وَقَالَ قَتَادَة فِي قَوْله " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " إِنَّ الظُّلْم فِي الْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم أَعْظَم خَطِيئَة وَوِزْرًا مِنْ الظُّلْم فِيمَا سِوَاهَا . وَإِنْ كَانَ الظُّلْم عَلَى كُلّ حَال عَظِيمًا وَلَكِنَّ اللَّه يُعَظِّم مِنْ أَمْره مَا يَشَاء وَقَالَ : إِنَّ اللَّه اِصْطَفَى صَفَايَا مِنْ خَلْقه اِصْطَفَى مِنْ الْمَلَائِكَة رُسُلًا وَمِنْ النَّاس رُسُلًا وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الْكَلَام ذِكْره وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الْأَرْض الْمَسَاجِد وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الشُّهُور رَمَضَان وَالْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ الْأَيَّام يَوْم الْجُمُعَة وَاصْطَفَى مِنْ اللَّيَالِي لَيْلَة الْقَدْر فَعَظِّمُوا مَا عَظَّمَ اللَّه .
فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ
فَإِنَّمَا تَعْظِيم الْأُمُور بِمَا عَظَّمَهَا اللَّه بِهِ عِنْد أَهْل الْفَهْم وَأَهْل الْعَقْل وَقَالَ الثَّوْرِيّ عَنْ قَيْس بْن مُسْلِم عَنْ الْحَسَن عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن الْحَنَفِيَّة بِأَنْ لَا تُحَرِّمُوهُنَّ كَحُرْمَتِهِنَّ
Qatadah said about Allah's statement,
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein), "Injustice during the Sacred Months is worse and graver than injustice in other months. Verily, injustice is always wrong, but Allah makes some items/things graver than other items/things as He will.'' He also said, "Allah has chosen some of His creation above others. He chose Messengers from angels and from men. He also chose His Speech above all speech, the Masajid/Mosques above other areas of the earth, Ramadan and the Sacred Months above all months, Friday above the other days and Laylatul-Qadr (The Night of Decree) above all nights. Therefore, sanctify what Allah has sanctified, for doing so is the practice of people of understanding and comprehension.''
............................
وَقَالَ مُحَمَّد بْن إِسْحَاق " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " أَيْ لَا تَجْعَلُوا حَرَامَهَا حَلَالًا وَلَا حَلَالهَا حَرَامًا كَمَا فَعَلَ أَهْل الشِّرْك فَإِنَّمَا النَّسِيء الَّذِي كَانُوا يَصْنَعُونَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ زِيَادَة فِي الْكُفْر " يُضَلّ بِهِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا " الْآيَة وَهَذَا الْقَوْل اِخْتِيَار اِبْن جَرِير
Muhammad bnu Is-haq said about Allah's statement,
﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein):It means that one should not make the halal/permitted things in it as haraam/prohibited things and viceversa.It condemns Nsee-u which was a pagan custom in which they changed Sanctity of the Sacred Months to suit their needs.Ibnu Jareer rahmathullahi a'lyhi opted this view.
وَقَوْله " وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة " أَيْ جَمِيعكُمْ " كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة " أَيْ جَمِيعهمْ " وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّه مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
Allah said,
﴿وَقَاتِلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَآفَّةً﴾
(and fight against the idolators collectively), all of you,
﴿كَمَا يُقَـتِلُونَكُمْ كَآفَّةً﴾
(as they fight against you collectively.), all of them,
﴿وَاعْلَمُواْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ﴾
(But know that Allah is with those who have Taqwa/Piety)
وَقَدْ اِخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاء فِي تَحْرِيم
اِبْتِدَاء الْقِتَال فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام هَلْ هُوَ مَنْسُوخ أَوْ مُحْكَم عَلَى قَوْلَيْنِ
Now as regards to the ruling of the prohibition of war during the Sacred months, as to whether the ruling is abrogated or not, there are two views among the Scholars
" أَحَدهمَا " وَهُوَ الْأَشْهَر أَنَّهُ مَنْسُوخ لِأَنَّهُ تَعَالَى قَالَ هَهُنَا " فَلَا تَظْلِمُوا فِيهِنَّ أَنْفُسكُمْ " وَأَمَرَ بِقِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَظَاهِر السِّيَاق مُشْعِر بِأَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِذَلِكَ أَمْرًا عَامًّا وَلَوْ كَانَ مُحَرَّمًا فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام لَأَوْشَكَ أَنْ يُقَيِّدهُ بِانْسِلَاخِهَا وَلِأَنَّ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَاصَرَ أَهْل الطَّائِف فِي شَهْر حَرَام وَهُوَ ذُو الْقَعْدَة كَمَا ثَبَتَ فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ أَنَّهُ خَرَجَ إِلَى هَوَازِن فِي شَوَّال فَلَمَّا كَسَرَهُمْ وَاسْتَفَاءَ أَمْوَالهمْ وَرَجَعَ فَلّهمْ لَجَئُوا إِلَى الطَّائِف فَعَمَدَ إِلَى الطَّائِف فَحَاصَرَهُمْ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا وَانْصَرَفَ وَلَمْ يَفْتَحهَا فَثَبَتَ أَنَّهُ حَاصَرَ فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام
The famous/ash-har view is that the ruling is abrogated/mansookh.They say after Allah's words,﴿فَلاَ تَظْلِمُواْ فِيهِنَّ أَنفُسَكُمْ﴾
(so wrong not yourselves therein), Allah said to fight with Mushrikeen just as they fight with the Muslims.Also Scholars of this group advocate that the Prophet swallallahu a'lyhi wa sallam fought with the people of Thwa-if during the Sacred month(Note:This was when they innitiated the attack and also it had started before the Sacred month)
وَالْقَوْل الْآخَر أَنَّ اِبْتِدَاء الْقِتَال فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام حَرَام وَأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُنْسَخ تَحْرِيم الشَّهْر الْحَرَام لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى " يَا أَيّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تُحِلُّوا شَعَائِر اللَّه وَلَا الشَّهْر الْحَرَام " وَقَالَ " الشَّهْر الْحَرَام بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَام وَالْحُرُمَات قِصَاص فَمَنْ اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اِعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ " الْآيَة وَقَالَ " فَإِذَا اِنْسَلَخَ الْأَشْهُر الْحُرُم فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ " الْآيَة وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَنَّهَا الْأَرْبَعَة الْمُقَرَّرَة فِي كُلّ سَنَة لَا أَشْهُر التَّسْيِير عَلَى أَحَد الْقَوْلَيْنِ .
The second view is that the RULING OF THE PROHIBITION OF WAR DURING THE SACRED MONTHS IS NOT ABROGATED AT ALL.The Quranic verses given below support this view. We see in Surah Ma-idah verse 2,
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ لاَ تُحِلُّواْ شَعَآئِرَ اللّهِ وَلاَ الشَّهْرَ الْحَرَامَ وَلاَ الْهَدْيَ وَلاَ الْقَلآئِدَ وَلا آمِّينَ الْبَيْتَ الْحَرَامَ يَبْتَغُونَ فَضْلاً مِّن رَّبِّهِمْ وَرِضْوَانًا وَإِذَا حَلَلْتُمْ فَاصْطَادُواْ وَلاَ يَجْرِمَنَّكُمْ شَنَآنُ قَوْمٍ أَن صَدُّوكُمْ عَنِ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ أَن تَعْتَدُواْ وَتَعَاوَنُواْ عَلَى الْبرِّ وَالتَّقْوَى وَلاَ تَعَاوَنُواْ عَلَى الإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ وَاتَّقُواْ اللّهَ إِنَّ اللّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ
O you who have believed, do not violate the rites of Allah or [the sanctity of] the sacred month or [neglect the marking of] the sacrificial animals and garlanding them or [violate the safety of] those coming to the Sacred House seeking bounty from their Lord and His approval. But when you come out of ihram, then you may hunt. And do not let the hatred of a people for having obstructed you from al-Masjid al-Haram lead you to transgress. And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression. And fear Allah ; indeed, Allah is severe in penalty.
Also see verse 194 of Surah Al Baqarah,
الشَّهْرُ الْحَرَامُ بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ وَالْحُرُمَاتُ قِصَاصٌ فَمَنِ اعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ فَاعْتَدُواْ عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدَى عَلَيْكُمْ وَاتَّقُواْ اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُواْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
Fighting in the sacred month is for [aggression committed in] the sacred month, and for all violations is legal retribution. So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you. And fear Allah and know that Allah is with those who fear Him.
Also see verse 5 of Surah At-thoubah
فَإِذَا انسَلَخَ الأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمْ وَخُذُوهُمْ وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُواْ لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ فَإِن تَابُواْ وَأَقَامُواْ الصَّلاَةَ وَآتَوُاْ الزَّكَاةَ فَخَلُّواْ سَبِيلَهُمْ إِنَّ اللّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
.................................
وَأَمَّا قَوْله تَعَالَى " وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة " فَيَحْتَمِل أَنَّهُ مُنْقَطِع عَمَّا قَبْله وَأَنَّهُ حُكْم مُسْتَأْنَف وَيَكُون مِنْ بَاب التَّهْيِيج وَالتَّحْضِيض أَيْ كَمَا يَجْتَمِعُونَ لِحَرْبِكُمْ إِذَا حَارَبُوكُمْ فَاجْتَمِعُوا أَنْتُمْ أَيْضًا لَهُمْ إِذَا حَارَبْتُمُوهُمْ وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ بِنَظِيرِ مَا يَفْعَلُونَ وَيَحْتَمِل أَنَّهُ إِذْن لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِقِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فِي الشَّهْر الْحَرَام إِذَا كَانَتْ الْبُدَاءَة مِنْهُمْ كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى " الشَّهْر الْحَرَام بِالشَّهْرِ الْحَرَام وَالْحُرُمَات قِصَاص " وَقَالَ تَعَالَى " وَلَا تُقَاتِلُوهُمْ عِنْد الْمَسْجِد الْحَرَام حَتَّى يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ فَإِنْ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ " الْآيَة .
وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة
(PLEASE NOTE):FROM THE STATEMENT OF ALLAH,
وَقَاتِلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّة كَمَا يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ كَافَّة
'and fight against the idolators collectively all of you,
as they fight against you collectively all of them'',WE CAN UNDERSTAND THAT FIGHTING WITH THE MUSHRIKEEN IS PERMITTED IN THE SACRED MONTHS ONLY IF THE MUSHRIKEEN INITIATED ATTACKS ,IN THOSE MONTHS, AGAINST MUSLIMS.
This means that if they they prepare, organise and started attacking Muslims with weapons in the Sared months, then Muslims should also retaliate in defence.
(please note:It is not be understood that fighting with innocent non-Muslims is permitted during other times/months.Here ,in Sacred Months fighting is prohibited even as a reply to an earlier attack on Muslims. BUT PERMISSION IN SACRED MONTHS IS TO RETALIATE THE ATTACKS INITIATED BY MUSHRIKEEN DURING THE SACRED MONTHS ONLY.But such a prohibition is not there in the case of other months, i.e, during other months fighting is allowed against the earlier attacks by Mushrikeen also)
.....................................
وَهَكَذَا الْجَوَاب عَنْ حِصَار رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَهْل الطَّائِف وَاسْتِصْحَابه الْحِصَار إِلَى أَنْ دَخَلَ الشَّهْر الْحَرَام فَإِنَّهُ مِنْ تَتِمَّة قِتَال هَوَازِن وَأَحْلَافهَا مِنْ ثَقِيف فَإِنَّهُمْ هُمْ الَّذِينَ اِبْتَدَءُوا الْقِتَال وَجَمَعُوا الرِّجَال وَدَعَوْا إِلَى الْحَرْب وَالنِّزَال فَعِنْدَمَا قَصَدَهُمْ رَسُول اللَّه صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ فَلَمَّا تَحَصَّنُوا بِالطَّائِفِ ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِمْ لِيُنْزِلهُمْ مِنْ حُصُونهمْ فَنَالُوا مِنْ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَقَتَلُوا جَمَاعَة وَاسْتَمَرَّ الْحِصَار بِالْمَجَانِيقِ وَغَيْرهَا قَرِيبًا مِنْ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا وَكَانَ اِبْتِدَاؤُهُ فِي شَهْر حَلَال وَدَخَلَ الشَّهْر الْحَرَام فَاسْتَمَرَّ فِيهِ أَيَّامًا ثُمَّ قَفَلَ عَنْهُمْ لِأَنَّهُ يُغْتَفَر فِي الدَّوَام مَا لَا يُغْتَفَر فِي الِابْتِدَاء وَهَذَا أَمْر مُقَرَّر وَلَهُ نَظَائِر كَثِيرَة وَاَللَّه أَعْلَم وَلْنَذْكُرْ الْأَحَادِيث الْوَارِدَة فِي ذَلِكَ . وَقَدْ حَرَّرْنَا ذَلِكَ فِي السِّيرَة وَاَللَّه أَعْلَم
Now, likewise, as regards to the fighting of the Prophet swallallahiu alyhi wa sallam with the people of Tha-if they explain that,this was when the people of Tha-if innitiated attack against Muslims and also it had started before the Sacred month , though it covered a few days of the Scred month .And Allah knows the best.
جزاك الله خيرا أخى عباس ونفع بك المسلمين مدونة جدا رائعة جعلها الله فى ميزان حسناتك يوم القيامة
ReplyDelete