Sahih ul Bukhari Hadiths 1891-1893 Kithabu ssaum The Book of Fasting with Fath'hul Bari

Sahih ul Bukhari Hadiths 1891-1893 Kithabu ssaum The Book of Fasting with Fath'hul Bari

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم كِتَاب الصَّوْمِ بَاب وُجُوبِ صَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ وَقَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ

In the name of Allah, the Extremely Merciful , the Especially Merciful. 

Chapter:-Regarding the vujoobiyyath of Ramadan Fasting

Allah says in Holy Quran Surah Al Baqarah verse 183

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ

O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous
 حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ أَبِي سُهَيْلٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ أَنَّ أَعْرَابِيًّا جَاءَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثَائِرَ الرَّأْسِ فَقَالَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَخْبِرْنِي مَاذَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَيَّ مِنْ الصَّلَاةِ فَقَالَ الصَّلَوَاتِ الْخَمْسَ إِلَّا أَنْ تَطَّوَّعَ شَيْئًا فَقَالَ أَخْبِرْنِي مَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَيَّ مِنْ الصِّيَامِ فَقَالَ شَهْرَ رَمَضَانَ إِلَّا أَنْ تَطَّوَّعَ شَيْئًا فَقَالَ أَخْبِرْنِي بِمَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَيَّ مِنْ الزَّكَاةِ فَقَالَ فَأَخْبَرَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ شَرَائِعَ الْإِسْلَامِ قَالَ وَالَّذِي أَكْرَمَكَ لَا أَتَطَوَّعُ شَيْئًا وَلَا أَنْقُصُ مِمَّا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَيَّ شَيْئًا فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَفْلَحَ إِنْ صَدَقَ أَوْ دَخَلَ الْجَنَّةَ إِنْ صَدَقَ

Narrated Talha bin 'Ubaidullah®

A bedouin with unkempt hair came to Allah's Messenger swallallahu a'lyhi va sallam and said, "O Allah's Messenger swallallahu a'lyhi va sallam and said, Inform me what Allah has made compulsory for me as regards the prayers." He replied: "You have to offer perfectly the five compulsory prayers in a day and night unless you want to pray Nawafil/optioanal ones." The bedouin further asked, "Inform me what Allah has made compulsory for me as regards fasting." He replied, "You have to fast during the whole month of Ramadan, unless you want to fast more as Nawafil." The bedouin further asked, "Tell me how much Zakat Allah has enjoined on me." Thus, Allah's Messenger swallallahu a'lyhi va sallam and said informed him about all the fundamental rules of Islam. The bedouin then said, "By Him Who has honored you, I will neither perform any Nawafil/optional one nor will I decrease what Allah has enjoined me. Allah's Messenger swallallahu a'lyhi va sallam and said said, "If he is saying the truth, he will succeed and he will be granted Paradise

Hadith 1892

عَنْ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ صَامَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَاشُورَاءَ وَأَمَرَ بِصِيَامِهِ فَلَمَّا فُرِضَ رَمَضَانُ تُرِكَ وَكَانَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ لَا يَصُومُهُ إِلَّا أَنْ يُوَافِقَ صوْمَهُ

 Narrated Ibn `Umar®

The Prophet swallallahu alaihi va sallam observed the fast on the 10th of Muharram –Ashura-and ordered Muslims to fast on that day, but when the fasting of the month of Ramadan was prescribed, the fasting of the 'Ashura' was abandoned. `Abdullah did not use to fast on that day unless it coincided with his routine fasting by chance

Hadith 1893

عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا أنَّ قُرَيْشًا كَانَتْ تَصُومُ يَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ ثُمَّ أَمَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِصِيَامِهِ حَتَّى فُرِضَ رَمَضَانُ وَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَنْ شَاءَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ وَمَنْ شَاءَ أَفْطَرَ

Narrated `Aisha®

The tribe of Quraish used to fast on the day of Ashura' in the Pre-Islamic/Jahiliyyah  period, and then Allah's Apostle ordered Muslims to fast on it till the fasting in the month of Ramadan was prescribed; whereupon the Prophet swallallahu alaihi va sallam

 said, "He who wants to fast on 'Ashura  may fast, and he who does not want to fast may not fast.

Now, Let's see the Arabic text of Fath'hul Bari with its gist in English.

الشروح 
 قَوْلُهُ  بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ . كِتَابُ الصَّوْمِ

 كَذَا لِلْأَكْثَرِ ، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ النَّسَفِيِّ " كِتَابُ الصِّيَامِ " وَثَبَتَتِ الْبَسْمَلَةُ لِلْجَمِيعِ ، وَالصَّوْمُ وَالصِّيَامُ فِي اللُّغَةِ : الْإِمْسَاكُ ، وَفِي الشَّرْعِ : إِمْسَاكٌ مَخْصُوصٌ فِي زَمَنٍ مَخْصُوصٍ عَنْ شَيْءٍ مَخْصُوصٍ بِشَرَائِطَ مَخْصُوصَةٍ . وَقَالَ صَاحِبُ " الْمُحْكَمِ " : الصَّوْمُ  تَعْرِيفُهُ  تَرْكُ الطَّعَامِ وَالشَّرَابِ وَالنِّكَاحِ وَالْكَلَامِ ، يُقَالُ : صَامَ صَوْمًا وَصِيَامًا ، وَرَجُلٌ صَائِمٌ وَصَوِمٌ . وَقَالَ الرَّاغِبُ : الصَّوْمُ فِي الْأَصْلِ الْإِمْسَاكُ عَنِ الْفِعْلِ ، وَلِذَلِكَ قِيلَ : لِلْفَرَسِ الْمُمْسِكِ عَنِ السَّيْرِ صَائِمٌ ، وَفِي الشَّرْعِ : إِمْسَاكُ الْمُكَلَّفِ بِالنِّيَّةِ عَنْ تَنَاوُلِ الْمَطْعَمِ وَالْمَشْرَبِ وَالِاسْتِمْنَاءِ وَالِاسْتِقَاءِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ إِلَى الْمَغْرِبِ

In most of the reports this kithab starts with the words Bismillahi Ar-Rahmani Ar-Raheem,Kithaabu ssaum.In all the reports there is Basmalah.In the report of Nasafi there is 'kithabu sswiyaam instead of kithaabu ssaum(Swiyaam is the plural form of Saum).Saumu/Swiyamu literally means imsaak/withholding or controlling.Legally/in Shara'u it means  definite type of controlling /withholding of definite type of things during a definite period, with definite conditions.The author of Muhkam defines Saum/Fasting as giving up food, drink, sexual intercourse and useless talks.Ragib says that Saum is basically imsaak/withholding a certain act; and legally it is the process by which a Mukallaf/adult gives up food, drink,sexual enjoyment from Fajr/dawn to Magrib/dusk with the niyyah/intention that he is fasting for the sake of Allah.

قَوْلُهُ : ( بَابُ وُجُوبِ صَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ ) كَذَا لِلْأَكْثَرِ ، وَلِلنَّسَفِيِّ " بَابُ وُجُوبِ رَمَضَانَ وَفَضْلِهِ " وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ أَبُو الْخَيْرِ الطَّالِقَانِيُّ فِي كِتَابِهِ " حَظَائِرُ الْقُدُسِ " لِرَمَضَانَ سِتِّينَ اسْمًا

In most of the reports the Chapter name is Babu vujoobi swaumi Ramadan/Regarding the vujoobiyyath of the Fasting of Ramadan.In the report of Nasafi,it is given as Babu Vujoobi Ramadaana va fadlihee/Chapter regarding Ramadan Fasting and its merits.Abul Khair Athaaliqani mentions in his Book,Hadaa'irul Quds , there are sixty names for Ramadan

 وَذَكَرَ بَعْضُ الصُّوفِيَّةِ أَنَّ آدَمَ  عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام  لَمَّا أَكَلَ مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ ثُمَّ تَابَ تَأَخَّرَ قَبُولُ تَوْبَتِهِ مِمَّا بَقِيَ فِي جَسَدِهِ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْأَكْلَةِ ثَلَاثِينَ يَوْمًا ، فَلَمَّا صَفَا جَسَدُهُ مِنْهَا تِيبَ عَلَيْهِ فَفُرِضَ عَلَى ذُرِّيَّتِهِ صِيَامُ ثَلَاثِينَ يَوْمًا ، وَهَذَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى ثُبُوتِ السَّنَدِ فِيهِ إِلَى مَنْ يُقْبَلُ قَوْلُهُ فِي ذَلِكَ ، وَهَيْهَاتَ وِجْدَانُ ذَلِكَ

Some Sufis have mentioned that when Adam രിക്കുന്നു:ആദം അate from the forbidden tree and repented, the acceptance of his thoubah/repentance was kept pending for thirty days because what he ate remained in his body for the same period.And his repentance was accepted when his body was  was purified fully from what he ate from the forbidden tree.But this report is not a confirmed one.

قَوْلُهُ : ( وَقَوْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى : يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ الْآيَةَ ) أَشَارَ بِذَلِكَ إِلَى مَبْدَأِ فَرْضِ الصِّيَامِ ، وَكَأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ عِنْدَهُ عَلَى شَرْطِهِ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ ، فَأَوْرَدَ مَا يُشِيرُ إِلَى الْمُرَادِ ، فَإِنَّهُ ذَكَرَ فِيهِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَحَادِيثَ : حَدِيثَ طَلْحَةَ الدَّالَّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَا فَرْضَ إِلَّا رَمَضَانَ ، وَحَدِيثَ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَعَائِشَةَ الْمُتَضَمِّنَ الْأَمْرَ بِصِيَامِ عَاشُورَاءَ ، وَكَأَنَّ الْمُصَنِّفَ أَشَارَ إِلَى أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ فِي رِوَايَتِهِمَا مَحْمُولٌ عَلَى النَّدْبِ بِدَلِيلِ حَصْرِ الْفَرْضِ فِي رَمَضَانَ ، وَهُوَ ظَاهِرُ الْآيَةِ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ تَعَالَى قَالَ : كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ ثُمَّ بَيَّنَهُ فَقَالَ : شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ

The ayah/verse mentioned here denotes the vujoobiyyath/compulsory nature of Fating/saum of Ramadan.Here Bukhari do not mention any of the criteria as regards to upon whom it is mandatory/obligatory.Here the author-Imam Bukhari mentions three Hadiths under this Chapter/Babu.The first one is reported by Abu Thalhah which indicates that there is no obligatory fasting except that of Ramadan.The other two Hadiths respectively of Ibnu Umar® & Ayisha® about the Fasting of Ashuraa'u of the 10^th of Muharam suggest that the Fasting of Ashuraa'u is not compulsory but recommended/optional.The verse mentioned here also expresses that the Fasting of Ramadan is obligatory and other Fastngs prescribed are optional/recommended only.Allah mntions the vujoobiyyath of FASTING and then He describes that it is in the month of   Ramadan.

 وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَ السَّلَفُ هَلْ فُرِضَ عَلَى النَّاسِ صِيَامٌ قَبْلَ رَمَضَانَ أَوْ لَا؟ 
فَالْجُمْهُورُ - وَهُوَ الْمَشْهُورُ عِنْدَ الشَّافِعِيَّةِ - أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَجِبْ قَطُّ صَوْمٌ قَبْلَ صَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ ، وَفِي وَجْهٍ ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الْحَنَفِيَّةِ : أَوَّلُ مَا فُرِضَ صِيَامُ عَاشُورَاءَ ، فَلَمَّا نَزَلَ رَمَضَانُ نُسِخَ . فَمِنْ أَدِلَّةِ الشَّافِعِيَّةِ حَدِيثُ مُعَاوِيَةَ مَرْفُوعًا : " لَمْ يَكْتُبِ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ صِيَامَهُ " وَسَيَأْتِي فِي أَوَاخِرِ الصِّيَامِ . وَمِنْ أَدِلَّةِ الْحَنَفِيَّةِ ظَاهِرُ حَدِيثَيِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَعَائِشَةَ الْمَذْكُورَيْنِ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ بِلَفْظِ الْأَمْرِ ، وَحَدِيثُ الرُّبَيِّعِ بِنْتِ مُعَوِّذٍ الْآتِي وَهُوَ أَيْضًا عِنْدَ مُسْلِمٍ : مَنْ أَصْبَحَ صَائِمًا فَلْيُتِمَّ صَوْمَهُ . قَالَتْ : فَلَمْ نَزَلْ نَصُومُهُ وَنُصَوِّمُ صِبْيَانَنَا وَهُمْ صِغَارٌ الْحَدِيثَ . وَحَدِيثُ مَسْلَمَةَ مَرْفُوعًا : مَنْ أَكَلَ فَلْيَصُمْ بَقِيَّةَ يَوْمِهِ ، وَمَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ أَكَلَ فَلْيَصُمِ الْحَدِيثَ . وَبَنَوْا عَلَى هَذَا الْخِلَافِ هَلْ يُشْتَرَطُ فِي صِحَّةِ الصَّوْمِ الْوَاجِبِ نِيَّةٌ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ أَوْ لَا؟ وَسَيَأْتِي الْبَحْثُ فِيهِ بَعْدَ عِشْرِينَ بَابًا . There are differences of opinion among the Salafs,as to whether the Fasting was made Compulory for Ummath Muhammad swallalahu alyhi va sallam before the Ramadan Fasting came into being.The prominent view of the Scholars and the famous /mash'hoor view in the Shafi-ee Maslak is that there was no Compulsory Fasting of any type before Ramadan was made obligatory.But another group of Scholars and Hanafis advocate that the Ashura Fasting was obligatory for the Ummah before Ramdan was made a rule,and later when Ramadan Fasting was made obligatory the compulsory nature of Ashura Fasting was abrogated.The Hadith of Mu'aaviyah which says that

لَمْ يَكْتُبِ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ صِيَامَهُ

Is the proof of the Shafi-ees.The Hanafis advocate that the word of command/amr as used in the Hadiths of Ayisha® and Ibnu Umar® denotes its obligatory nature.They also quote the Hadiths of Rabiyyu binthu Mu'avid & Maslamah

 وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ الْكَلَامُ عَلَى حَدِيثِ طَلْحَةَ فِي كِتَابِ الْإِيمَانِ ، وَقَوْلُهُ : فِيهِ " عَنْ أَبِيهِ " هُوَ مَالِكُ بْنُ أَبِي عَامِرٍ جَدُّ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَنَسٍ الْإِمَامِ ، وَقَوْلُهُ : " عَنْ طَلْحَةَ " قَالَ الدِّمْيَاطِيُّ : فِي سَمَاعِهِ مِنْ طَلْحَةَ نَظَرٌ ، وَتُعُقِّبَ بِأَنَّهُ ثَبَتَ سَمَاعُهُ مِنْ عُمَرَ فَكَيْفَ يَكُونُ فِي سَمَاعِهِ مِنْ طَلْحَةَ نَظَرٌ؟ وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ فِي كِتَابِ الْإِيمَانِ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ مَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ مِنْهُمَا جَمِيعًا ، وَسَيَأْتِي الْكَلَامُ عَلَى حَدِيثَيِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَعَائِشَةَ فِي أَوَاخِرِ الصِّيَامِ ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى

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